Terrorism Essay

Numerous individuals see war as the main answer for coo collaborate fear based oppression, however there are others that oppose this idea. In this paper I will examine and contrasting the o choice of war with elective alternatives that can supplant it. The initial two choices both included the military. Alternative one included utilizing nit polish to find and bomb fear based oppressor preparing camps, and choice two was to dominate or destabilize governments that are thoughtful to the psychological oppressor by sending in prepared troop s. In contrasting this with war saw that these choices are very similar.By bombarding the fear based oppressor camps this would make them fight back, and the final product would be a war. Alternative TV&'0 would likewise wind up as a war in light of the fact that after your soldiers have attacked the check rye the nation would retaliate making you need to prepare more soldiers to send into fight. Choices 3 and 4 are centered around internal cente r importance not engaging in any issues abroad and concentrating on why fear mongers would assault you? These two pop activities are greatly improved in light of the fact that there would be no war except if the fear based oppressors assaulted first.Wit h no war there would be no dead warriors which would thusly help the economy since t here would be more laborers. Alternatives 5 and 6 include outreach, implying that as opposed to doing battle we wow old contact and discover what the psychological oppressors need. This effort would likewise include e creating associations with various networks in our own nation and somewhere else. B top inning these associations with different nations would assist us with shaping more grounded bonds with to hers. In this way we would turn out to be to a lesser extent an objective for fear mongers.

The futile Pursuit of Happiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The pointless Pursuit of Happiness - Essay Example There is a great deal of truth in the article. Gertner states that we, ...will adjust to a pleasurable occasion and make it the background of our lives. We see this ordinarily through our own lives. Kids will rapidly dispose of and disregard the Christmas toys that they had restlessly held up a month to get. The toy doesn't have the life expectancy or the vitality of the expectation for it. Individuals purchase another vehicle and before long find that the freshness has worn off. Similarly as the sparkle erodes from the Christmas toys, so does the sorrow from an unfortunate misfortune. Its simple to figure you will never get a new line of work tantamount to the one that simply laid you off, however individuals are quite often agreeably astounded by lifes fortunes. The slip-up we frequently make in passing judgment on the joy that we will get from a given choice or occasion is commonly because of our misconception of where joy lies. We might be despondent because of our constrained pay. The idea of winning the lottery appears as though it would make us happy to excess. Be that as it may, by consistent assessment, it would more then likely just outcome in more prominent despondency. In the event that an unassuming measure of cash made us despondent, an enormous entirety may make us hopeless. What number of the things that make us despondent could be changed with just cash? The bills might be paid, yet the fundamental purposes behind our misery would continue. The creator brings up that we can prepare our feelings and in doing so settle on progressively balanced choices. A chilling period to forestall purchasers regret might be objective, yet it evacuates the fervor of making another buy. Dissecting our potential for bliss dependent on lab method of reasoning removes our inclination for chance. It lessens our mental fortitude and limits our development and innovation. While it might be a functional way to deal with deciding, it blocks the human instinct of feeling. Assessing our anticipated satisfaction and putting together our choices with respect to a determined result might be progressively commonsense

The Color Psychology of Black

The Color Psychology of Black Theories Cognitive Psychology Print The Color Psychology of Black By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on January 27, 2020 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on January 27, 2020 More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Notice how black is used in the below image. How does it make you feel? What associations do you have with black? While black has different symbolic meanings, individual reactions to the color black can vary widely.   Black is real sensation, even if it is produced by entire absence of light. The sensation of black is distinctly different from the lack of all sensation. ~ Hermann von Helmholz, German scientist Illustration by Cindy Chung, Verywell The Color Psychology of Black According to color psychology, these are the characteristics of black:Black absorbs all light in the color spectrum.Black is often used as a symbol of menace or evil, but its also popular as an indicator of power. Its used to represent treacherous characters such as Dracula and is often associated with witchcraft.Black is associated with death and mourning in many cultures. Its also associated with unhappiness, sexuality, formality, and sophistication.In ancient Egypt, black represented life and rebirth.Black is often used in fashion because of its slimming quality.Consider how black is used in language: Black Death, blackout, black cat, blacklist, black market, black tie, black belt. Black in Feng Shui In feng shui, a way of harmonizing your home, office, and other environments, each color represents a feng  shui element. Black is associated with the water element and envokes power, mystery, and calm.?? When its used sparingly, black has a grounding effect on your  environment. Here are a few tips for using black in feng shui: Consider a black door for doors that face north, east, or southeast.Choosing black for your kids room can bring calm and creativity.Try placing black accessories like knick-knacks, frames, or vases around your home.Paint the floor black in a room in the north part of your space.Try black and white in your laundry room or kitchen.If you have a home office in the north part of your house, paint one wall black. Black in Marketing In marketing and branding psychology, black is associated with boldness, formality, mystery, strength, luxuriousness, and seriousness.?? Famous brands that utilize black in their logos and marketing are Blackberry, Tiffany Co., Apple, Disney, Nike, Gillette, Adidas, Sony, Ralph Lauren, and MTV. Besides being sleek, black is versatile and can be combined with any other color. A Preference for Black Peoples preference for certain colors is based on a whole host of factors such as environment, personality, experience, economic status, and upbringing. One recent study on color preference in adults found that out of 18 total colors, including no preference, black ranked number 13 as adults favorite color overall.?? However, when it comes to clothing, black was ranked as the number one favorite color for both genders combined. Interestingly, black got first place because 40 percent of the females chose black as number one compared to only 16 percent of males, who ranked it as their fourth favorite clothing color.

Coffee Culture - 17291 Words

Hà ¶gskolan i Halmstad Sektionen fà ¶r ekonomi och teknik Europaekonomprogrammet 180 hp Changes in the coffee culture - opportunities for multinationals coffee shops? C-uppsats i Fà ¶retagsekonomi, Fà ¶retagsekonomi 51-60 p Slutseminarium: 2007-06-07 Fà ¶rfattare: Almqvist Emma Hruzova Barbara Olsson Kajsa Handledare: Max Lundberg Preface and acknowledgement We would like to thank our tutor Max Lundberg at the section of business and engineering at the University of Halmstad for his support and comments throughout the dissertation. We would also like to thank the personnel, managers and the barista for their answers to our questions. Finally we would like to thank the opponent group for their valuable criticism we would also like to take†¦show more content†¦The benefits that the changes in the coffee culture bring are multiple and we see a coffee culture highly adapted to the new trend. This dissertation can be useful for foreign coffee shops to gain knowledge about the Swedish coffee market and its culture. New markets are opening through cultural changes, so marketers and others searching for new marketing opportunities on the Swedish coffee market should read this paper to get ideas, advices and inspiration. Sammanfattning Den svenska kaffekulturen à ¤r under fà ¶rà ¤ndring vilket medfà ¶r affà ¤rsmà ¶jligheter fà ¶r multinationella kaffekedjor. Và ¥rt syfte med denna uppsats var att beskriva den Svenska kaffekulturen och dess fà ¶rà ¤ndringar. Vi ville à ¶ka và ¥r fà ¶rstà ¥else fà ¶r hur dessa fà ¶rà ¤ndringar kan gà ¶ra Sverige till en mer attraktiv marknad fà ¶r coffee shops t.ex. Starbucks som vill etablera sig i Sverige. Vi valde att anvà ¤nda en kvalitativ metod med en abduktiv ansats. Fà ¶r att samla fà ¶rstahands information intervjuade vi en barista och skickade intervjufrà ¥gor till stora coffee shops kedjor i Sverige. Intervjufrà ¥gorna utformades utifrà ¥n fem kategorier framtagna av Rugman och Hodgetts fà ¶r att beskriva kultur. Svaren frà ¥n intervjuerna och en mà ¤ngd artiklar hjà ¤lpte oss att beskriva kaffekulturen och de fà ¶rà ¤ndringar som fà ¶rekommit de senaste à ¥ren. Bland fà ¶rdelarna i de kulturella fà ¶rà ¤ndringarna kunde vi mà ¤rka kunnigare och mer krà ¤vande kunder. ViShow MoreRelatedCoffee Culture : A Beginning Of Coffee1136 Words   |  5 PagesCOFFEE CULTURE A beginning of coffee : The beginning of the coffee is the most famous story in the history of the coffee bean is that they were discovered by goats. Ethiopian legend, Kaldi, a goat herder one day was out with his goats and noticed that they got eating red berries and goats were dancing and excited after eating barries. He thought! this must be good stuff, he also tasted them and also felt a bit excited too. He actually went to a local sufi (Ioosely translated as IslamicRead MoreThe Analysis On Coffee Culture1032 Words   |  5 Pagesme having a conversation with my friend, Al, over coffee, at Coffee Hit in Doncaster. I choose and invite Al to participate in this little social event because I have known him to be a coffee connoisseur, although he later corrects me and maintains that he is merely a coffee enthusiast. I hope that he can educate me on the coffee culture and share with me his knowledge about coffee. Up to this point, I must admit that my idea of a good cup of coffee is the instant Nescafe 43 b lend or the gold roastsRead MoreThe Cultures That Exist Inside Coffee Shops2407 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction I will be looking at the cultures that exist inside coffee shops. In particular, I will be contrasting the culture that exists within chain coffee shops, such as Starbucks, with those present in smaller independently owned shops. When getting coffee, I usually go to Starbucks because it is convenient. However, I know a few individuals who would rather support small locally owned shops. Additionally, whenever I have actually gone to an independently owned shop, I never actually stayedRead MoreStarbucks Analysis On The Coffee Chain And A Brand That Changed The Americans Coffee And Cafe Culture3172 Words   |  13 PagesThis Individual work is based on the case study â€Å"Starbucks: Back to Basics?† written by Sachin Govind. The case reviews the success story about the coffee chain and a brand which changed the Americans’ coffee and cafà © culture. However, it also highlights that Starbucks had been facing some challenges as well as having difficulties inside the compa ny. Furthermore, some analysts expect that the corporation eventually will destroy what they have built up and what have become to be known as their uniqueRead MoreWaking Up America: The Guise of Coffee Culture and its Harmful Effects1450 Words   |  6 PagesCoffee, the bean we love. To many it is known as the magic elixir, brain juice, or nectar of the gods, while others see it as the devil in a cup. America is a country that is obsessed with its coffee, now more than ever before. Although coffee has spanned generations, the craze did not exist like it does today. According to anthropologist William Roseberry of UBC, coffee was on the decline in the 1960’s and hit an all time low in the 90’s with only half the country drinking about a cup a day (D’Costa)Read MoreLong Term Monetisation Strategy : Developing A Sustainable Competitive Organization1872 Words   |  8 Pageson our customer acquisition strategy so as to increase brand awareness and to recruit as m any users as possible. Users are important as they provide bargaining power with vendors, valuable database for future monetisation strategy and eco-system of coffee lovers. The one year free strategy is essential for our business model as it relies heavily in connecting users and vendors. As reported by Cialdini (1993), social proof is required by the early majority before trying a new product or service. ProvidingRead MoreThe Secret of Starbucks’ Success in China1180 Words   |  5 Pagessuccessful marketing strategies that the Starbucks Corporation takes to enter into the market of China, and simultaneously the problems and difficulties it has in the process of market expanding. The Starbucks Corporation is the global leader in specialty coffee consumption. Arising almost overnight from a market in Seattle, Washington, the company today provides quality premium coffees with a superior level of customer service and at a premium price, around the globe. Starbucks is an exc ellent example ofRead MoreA Study On Starbucks With Chinese Tea Culture Essay931 Words   |  4 PagesChinese tea culture Introduction As the modern generation, people lived in the world with a lot of different brands. If people don’t buy bags from Fendi, eat Shake Shack’s cheese French fries, or try that new Yves Saint Laurent lipstick then they will be consider as out of fashion person. The bosses who were sitting in the office decided our lives. Yes, Starbucks Corporation is one of the decision makers. In addition, this famous brand even affected one nation’s culture – Chinese tea culture with. Read MoreStarbucks s Organizational Culture, Leadership, And Management Traits1260 Words   |  6 Pagesto grab a cup of coffee, and the number one company worldwide in the food service industry. Although it is an American company, it is also the premier roaster and retailer of specialty coffee in the world. Thanks in part to strong global sales, Starbucks was recently named by Fortune as one of the World s Most Admired Companies . Through its unwavering commitment to excellence and guiding p rinciples, Starbuck s has been able to become a blueprint for organizational culture, leadership, and managementRead MoreStarbucks Csr1433 Words   |  6 PagesGreen Stores 4 Energy Water Consumption 4 Customer Relationships 4 Community Service Investments 4 Youth Action 5 Supplier Relationships 5 Farmer Support 5 Coffee and Tea Growing Communities 5 Non Discriminatory Hiring, Promotion, Retention Practices Starbucks values and respects the diversity of it s culture.[1] Starbucks partners (the employees) are sought out and engaged to create a business environment as diverse as the communities and customers they serve.1 As evidence

Societal Expectations And Conformity By Franz Kafka

Societal Expectations and Conformity Franz Kafka was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia in 1883 to a middle class Jewish family (Biography). Much of his writing was influenced by his relationship with his father and probably by being a Jew in Germany and Austria until his death in 1924. One of these writings is â€Å"The Metamorphosis†. People felt confined in the roles of society, in family life, and have difficulty in handling the pressures with the stress of everyday life. Gregor Samsa is a travelling salesman that lives with his sister, father and mother in what we could assume to be a small apartment. Gregor is the main source of income for the family and is considered the main provider for all four of them. â€Å"When Gregor Samsa awoke in the morning from troubled dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a monstrous cockroach† (Kafka 1205). In one night he underwent a metamorphosis from man to bug. Throughout the ordeal he still focused on getting bac k to work even though he was barely able to move from his bed and certainly unable to leave the apartment. He took his role as provider seriously and did not complain about his predicament throughout the story. In society, citizens conform to what they know as being societally accepted. Grete Samsa is Gregor’s sister. Grete immediately feels pity for her brother and wants to help him. This continues until near the end of the story when Grete gets a job and takes over the role as the main provider. It seems at thisShow MoreRelatedGregor And Grete Sams Stuck Of Gender Roles1620 Words   |  7 PagesGregor and Grete Samsa: Stuck in Gender Roles The narration â€Å"Metamorphosis† by Franz Kafka, when examined through the feminist lens, shows society’s confining expectations towards both sexes in which conformity to the patriarchal structure is inescapable. The modern feminist movement created a need for inquiry into feminist issues; thus, as Gardner et al. outlined the objectives of feminist criticism, an unnatural confinement by a patriarchal society of both genders into preconceived roles becomesRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesorganizations are stronger than ever, some organizations are trying to realize a competitive advantage by fostering a positive work environment. Jeff Immelt and Jim McNerney, both disciples of Jack Welch, have tried to maintain high-performance expectations (a characteristic of GE’s culture) while fostering a positive work environment in their organizations (GE and B oeing). â€Å"In this time of turmoil and cynicism about business, you need to be passionate, positive leaders,† Mr. Immelt recently told

A New Kind of Structure Free Essays

1. Describe the structural problems HP had. When Mark Hurd assumed his new role as CEO of HP, he soon realized that many of the company’s structural problems were related to the fact that eleven layers of management separated him from HP’s customers. We will write a custom essay sample on A New Kind of Structure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Top corporate customers of the company told him that they did not know whom to contact at HP to respond to their questions. HP’s head of corporate technology said that she had to wait three months to secure approval to hire 100 sales specialists. Moreover, HP’s salespeople were able to spend only about one-third of the time with customers; the remainder of their workday was spent in negotiating the bureaucracy inside of HP. 2. How did Mark Hurd decide to address his company’s structural problems? What do you think of his changes? How do you think the company’s customers responded to these changes? How about the company’s executives and sales force? In attempting to remedy the structural problems at his company, Mark Hurd first terminated the employment of underperformers and eliminated three layers of sales management. He also eliminated one sales group and merged those sales representatives into the remaining sales groups. Company executives and members of the sales force are likely pleased that the increased efficiency in the organization enables them to make decisions more quickly and to spend more time interacting with customers. Customers must be more satisfied to see that their needs and concerns are being met more effectively and efficiently. 3. Would a more mechanistic or a more organic structure be appropriate for HP? Why? Considering the rapidly changing nature of the products, and particularly the services, offered by HP, the appropriate structure for this company would have many characteristics of an organic structure. Changing times and intense competition within its industry require that HP be quickly responsive and proactive in its corporate strategy; an organic structure would be more conducive to this type of strategy. 4. What role do you think organizational structure plays in an organization’s efficiency and effectiveness? Explain. Organizational structure plays a key role in enabling a company to function smoothly, to remain responsive to its internal and external stakeholders, and to adapt to changes in the marketplace. Innovation is facilitated by fewer layers of management, and students have already learned that the survival and success of a company is usually dependent upon its ability to function as a learning organization that promotes innovation. How to cite A New Kind of Structure, Papers

Pollution free essay sample

The most appropriate definition of environmental pollution would be the introduction of different harmful pollutants into certain environment that make this environment unhealthy to live In. The most common pollutants are usually chemicals, garbage, and waste water. Environmental pollution Is happening In many parts of the world, especially In form of alr and water pollution. The best example for air pollution are some of Chinas cities, including capital Beijing, and the best example for water pollution is India with its Ganges river pollution problem. When something is added o the environment which is very harmful, poisonous or fatal to the animal, people surrounding it and other living things is called as pollution. In simple term pollution is a contamination by a chemical or other pollutant that renders part of the environment unfit for intended or desired use. It is triggered by industrial and commercial waste, agriculture practices, day to day human activities and most notably, modes of transportation and many the other sources. We will write a custom essay sample on Pollution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pollution has many forms; It may be chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Alr pollution comes Into picture due to the accumulation of hazardous substances Into he atmosphere that danger human life and other llvlng matter. The most dominant player responsible for pollution Is automobiles; apart from that the other causes are Combustion of coal, Acid rain, Manufacturing buildings, Tobacco smoke, Paint fumes, Aerosol sprays, Nuclear weapons and wild fires. As far as effect of air pollution is concerned, respiratory diseases tops the chart of health problems. The second one is heart diseases, it caused due to increased level of carbon monoxide in the air. In addition to that you can avoid a risk of Asthma, Eye Irritation and a range of bronchial disease due to air pollution. If statistics is to be believed, this year air population segment will count for 80% of premature deaths. The World Health Organization estimates that 2. 4 million people die each year from causes directly attributable to air pollution Water pollution causes due to the Introduction of chemical, biological and all sort of physical matter into large bodies of water that degrade the quality of life that lives In It and consumes It. We can blame fertilizers, pesticides, or petroleum derivatives for water pollution. In addition to that the other contributors towards water pollution are Waste treatment facilities, mining, Pesticides, herbicides and ertilizers, oil spills, refiners, Failing septic systems, factories, Oil and antifreeze leaking from cars, animal waste, Soap from washing your car, house hold chemicals and many more to count. Another example of the tourist industry in being the cause of pollution is the water area. At Chin Lake (Tasik Chini), just so that eco-tourists dont have to get their feet wet, the Government built a dam at the river draining Pahangs Tasik Chinl. But now the dam has drowned thousands of trees surrounding the lake, threatening fisheries as well. In a cautionary tale of the times, Andrew Sla ho won the ICI-CCM Environmental Journalism Award (Honourable Mention) for his 1994 story, Damming the Lotus Lake, revisits Taslk Chinl to seek out the real picture behind the ostensible tourist pampering rationale of the dam. Noise pollution Is the excessive noise that may disrupt the activity or balance of human or animal life. The aircrafts, and trains. In addition to that the other causes of noise pollution are poor urban planning, the indoor noise caused by machines, building activities, music performances, and in some workplaces also. Solid wastes have a lions share among total pollution. Mainly it is composed of municipal solid waste (MSW), hazardous waste, plastic waste and E-waste. MSW also called as trash or garbage which is mainly composed of everyday items that are discarded by the public. Again MSW is of two types, biodegradable or recyclable and non biodegradable. The non biodegradable is more harmful in nature as it cant be degraded. Hazardous wastes always pose a great threat to an environment. Under RCRA in 40 CFR 261, hazardous wastes are classified into 4 categories viz. ignitability, reactivity, corrosivity and toxicity. Plastic wastes always pose a great threat to the environment. Due to its non degradable nature it always tops the chart in pollution. E-waste otherwise called as electronic waste, waste electrical and electronic equipment. E-waste comprises of office electronic equipment, television sets and refrigerators, discarded computers, entertainment device electronics and mobile phones. All E-waste poses lead, cadmium, beryllium, or brominated flame retardants, which trigger the pollution. Now E-waste has been a global concern and all effort is being made to minimize it. Pollution always harms to harm to humans, pets, plants, trees, and aquatic life. Acid ain, Eutrophication, Ozone depletion, haze, global climate change, crop and forest damage are the major effect of pollution on environment. Pollution always takes away the balance of the fragile ecosystems of earth. Hence we should make all our efforts to control our a waste and not to throw it into the ocean or on the land. Healthy environment is prerequisite of healthy life for us and our children, and fighting pollution is definitely the best way to keep our environmental healthy.

Cloud Computing White Paper Essays

Cloud Computing White Paper Essays Cloud Computing White Paper Essay Cloud Computing White Paper Essay Cloud computing is a â€Å"newsworthy† term in the IT industry in recent times and it is here to stay! Cloud computing is not a technology, or even a set of technologies – it’s an idea. Cloud computing is not a standard defined by any standards organization. Basic understanding for Cloud: â€Å"Cloud† represents the Internet; Instead of using applications installed on your computer or saving data to your hard drive, you’re working and storing stuff on the Web.Data is kept on servers and used by the service you’re using; tasks are performed in your browser using an interface/ console provided by the service. A credit card and internet access is all you need to make an investment in technology. Business will find it easier than ever to provision technology services without the involvement of IT. There are many definitions available in the market for Cloud Computing but we have aligned it with NIST publication and with our understanding.NIST def ines cloud computing by describing five essential characteristics, three cloud service models, and fur cloud deployment models. Cloud Computing is a self service which is on demand, Elastic, Measured, Multi-tenant, Pay per use, Cost-effective and efficient. It is the access of data, software applications, and ad computer processing power through a cloud or a group of many on line/demand resources. Tasks are assigned to a combination of connections, software and services accessed over a network. This network of servers and connections is collectively known as â€Å"the cloud. Cloud service delivery is divided among three fundamental classifications referred as the â€Å"SPI Model. † Cloud computing  is the delivery of computing and storage capacity  Ã‚  as a service  to a community of end-recipients. The name comes from the use of a cloud-shaped symbol  as an abstraction for the complex infrastructure it contains in system diagrams. Cloud computing entrusts services w ith a users data, software and computation over a network. There are three types of cloud computing: * Infrastructure as a Service  (IaaS), * Platform as a Service  (PaaS), and Software asd a Service  (SaaS). The business model,  IT as a service  (ITaaS), is used by in-house, enterprise IT organizations that offer any or all of the above services. Using software as a service, users also rent application software and databases. The  cloud providers  manage the infrastructure and platforms on which the applications run. End users access cloud-based  applications  through a  web browser  or a light-weight desktop or  mobile app  while the business software  and users data are stored on servers at a remote location.Proponents claim that cloud computing allows enterprises to get their applications up and running faster, with improved manageability and less maintenance, and enables IT to more rapidly adjust resources to meet fluctuating and unpredictable busine ss demand. Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and  economies of scale  similar to a  utility  (like the  electricity grid) over a network. At the foundation of cloud computing is the broader concept of  converged infrastructure and  shared services.The origin of the term  cloud computing  is obscure, but it appears to derive from the practice of using drawings of stylized clouds to denote networks in diagrams of computing and communications systems. The word  cloud  is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on the standardized use of a cloud-like shape to denote a network on telephony schematics and later to depict the Internet in  computer network diagrams  as an abstraction of the underlying infrastructure it represents. The cloud symbol was used to represent the Internet as early as 1994.In the 1990s,  telecommunications companies  who previously offered primarily dedicated point-to-point data circuits, began offe ring  virtual private network  (VPN) services with comparable quality of service but at a much lower cost. By switching traffic to balance utilization as they saw fit, they were able to utilize their overall network bandwidth more effectively. The cloud symbol was used to denote the demarcation point between that which was the responsibility of the provider and that which was the responsibility of the users. Cloud computing extends this boundary to cover servers as well as the network infrastructure.The underlying concept of cloud computing  dates  back to the 1950s; when large-scale  mainframe  became available in  academia  and corporations, accessible via  thin clients  /  terminal  computers. Because it was costly to buy a mainframe, it became important to find ways to get the greatest return on the investment in them, allowing multiple users to share both the physical access to the computer from multiple terminals as well as to share the  CPU  time, eliminating periods of inactivity, which became known in the industry as  time-sharing.As computers became more prevalent, scientists and technologists explored ways to make large-scale computing power available to more users through time sharing, experimenting with algorithms to provide the optimal use of the infrastructure, platform and applications with prioritized access to the CPU and efficiency for the end users. John McCarthy  opined in the 1960s that computation may someday be organized as a  public utility. Almost all the modern-day characteristics of cloud computing (elastic provision, provided as a utility, online, illusion of infinite supply), the comparison to the electricity industry and the use of public, private, government, and community forms, were thoroughly explored in  Douglas Parkhill’s 1966 book,  The Challenge of the Computer Utility. Other scholars have shown that cloud computings roots go all the way back to the 1950s when scientist  Herb Grosch  (the author of Groschs law) postulated that the entire world would operate on dumb terminals powered by about 15 large data centers.Due to the expense of these powerful computers, many corporations and other entities could avail themselves of computing capability through time sharing and several organizations, such as GEs GEISCO, IBM subsidiary The Service Bureau Corporation, Tymshare (founded in 1966), National CSS (founded in 1967 and bought by Dun ;amp; Bradstreet in 1979), Dial Data (bought by Tymshare in 1968), and  Bolt, Beranek and Newman  marketed time sharing as a commercial venture.The ubiquitous availability of high capacity networks, low cost computers and storage devices as well as the widespread adoption of  hardware virtualization,  service-oriented architecture, autonomic, and utility computing have led to a tremendous growth in cloud computing. After the  dot-com bubble,  Amazon  played a key role in the development of cloud computing by mod ernizing their  data centers, which, like most  computer networks, were using as little as 10% of their capacity at any one time, ust to leave room for occasional spikes. Having found that the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements whereby small, fast-moving two-pizza teams could add new features faster and more easily, Amazon initiated a new product development effort to provide cloud computing to external customers, and launched Amazon Web Service (AWS)  on a utility computing basis in 2006. [14][15] In early 2008,  Eucalyptus  became the first open-source, AWS API-compatible platform for deploying private clouds.In early 2008,  OpenNebula, enhanced in the RESERVOIR European Commission-funded project, became the first open-source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds, and for the federation of clouds. In the same year, efforts were focused on providing quality of service  guarantees (as required by real-time interac tive applications) to cloud-based infrastructures, in the framework of the IRMOS European Commission-funded project, resulting to a real-time cloud environment.By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing to shape the relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them  and observed that organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models so that the projected shift to computing will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and significant reductions in other areas. On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the  Smarter Computing  framework to support Smarter Planet.Among the various components of the Smarter Computing foundation, cloud computing is a critical piece. In 2012, Dr. Biju John and Dr. Souheil Khaddaj describe the cloud as a  virtualized,  semantic source of information: Cloud computing is a universal collection of data which extends over the i nternet in the form of resources (such as information hardware, various platforms, services etc. ) and forms individual units within the virtualization environment. Held together by infrastructure providers, service providers and the consumer, then it is semantically accessed by various users.Cloud computing shares characteristics with: * Autonomic computing  - Computer systems capable of  self-management. * Client–server model  -   Client–server computing  refers broadly to any  distributed application that distinguishes between service providers (servers) and service requesters (clients). * Grid computing  - A form of  distributed  and  parallel computing, whereby a super and virtual computer is composed of a  cluster  of networked,  loosely coupled  computers acting in concert to perform very large tasks. * Mainframe computer  - Powerful computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data proce ssing such as  census, industry and consumer statistics, police and secret intelligence services,  enterprise resource planning, and financial  transaction processing. * Utility computing  - The packaging of  computing resources, such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility, such as electricity. * Peer-to-peer  - Distributed architecture without the need for central coordination, with participants being at the same time both suppliers and consumers of resources (in contrast to the traditional client–server model). * Cloud gaming   Also called On-demand gaming is a way of delivering to games to computers. The gaming data will be stored in the providers server, so that gaming will be independent of client computers used to play the game. The attributes of Cloud Networking are: Scalable:  Cloud Networks scale to thousands of nodes and provide a non-blocking fabric across the entire cloud. * Low Latency: Latency i s key to improving application performance. The network needs to provide ultra-low latency in a large-scale environment. * Guaranteed Delivery: The cloud must provide predictable and reliable performance to a large number services, including HPC applications, web, video and data. * Extensible Management: Cloud Networks cross all traditional boundaries between servers, enterprise networks, and service provider networks.They need to be managed in a  hybrid  environment, often with customizations that are unique to that individual deployment. The management of the network needs to be extensible and customizable to allow such applications. * Self-Healing Resiliency: With larger scale, networks become much more critical and faults need to be contained and healed automatically. Arista Networks offers a unique Cloud Networking Platform that meet the above requirements. Please see our Products amp; Services sections for more information.In early 2008,  Eucalyptus  became the first o pen-source, AWS API-compatible platform for deploying private clouds. In early 2008,  Open Nebula, enhanced in the RESERVOIR European Commission-funded project, became the first open-source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds, and for the federation of clouds. [19]  In the same year, efforts were focused on providing quality of service  guarantees (as required by real-time interactive applications) to cloud-based infrastructures, in the framework of the IRMOS European Commission-funded project, resulting to a real-time cloud environment.By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing to shape the relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them  and observed that organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models so that the projected shift to computing will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and significant reductions in other a reas. On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the  Smarter Computing framework to support Smarter Planet.Among the various components of the Smarter Computing foundation, cloud computing is a critical piece. In 2012, Dr. Biju John and Dr. Souheil Khaddaj incorporated the semantic term into the cloud Cloud computing is a universal collection of data which extends over the internet in the form of resources (such as information hardware, various platforms, services etc. ) and forms individual units within the virtualization environment. Held together by infrastructure providers, service providers and the consumer, then it is semantically accessed by various users. (CLUSE 2012), Bangalore, April 2012 Cloud computing is all the rage. Its become the phrase du jour, says Gartner senior analyst Ben Pring, echoing many of his peers. The problem is that (as with Web 2. 0) everyone seems to have a different definition. As a metaphor for the Internet, the cloud is a familiar cliche, but when combin ed with computing, the meaning gets bigger and fuzzier. Some analysts and vendors define cloud computing narrowly as an updated version of utility computing: basically  virtual servers  available over the Internet. Others go very broad, arguing anything you consume outside the firewall is in the cloud, including conventional  outsourcing.Cloud computing comes into focus only when you think about what IT always needs: a way to increase capacity or add capabilities on the fly without investing in new infrastructure,  training  new personnel, or licensing new software. Cloud computing encompasses any subscription-based or pay-per-use service that, in real time over the Internet, extends ITs existing capabilities. Cloud computing is at an early stage, with a motley crew of providers large and small delivering a slew of cloud-based services, from full-blown applications to storage services to spam filtering.Yes, utility-style infrastructure providers are part of the mix, but so are  SaaS (software as a service)  providers such as Salesforce. com. Today, for the most part, IT must plug into cloud-based services individually, but cloud computing aggregators and integrators are already emerging. InfoWorld talked to dozens of vendors, analysts, and IT customers to tease out the various components of cloud computing. Based on those discussions, heres a rough breakdown of what cloud computing is all about: 1. SaaSThis type of cloud computing delivers a single application through the browser to thousands of customers using a multitenant architecture. On the customer side, it means no upfront investment in servers or software licensing; on the provider side, with just one app to maintain, costs are low compared to conventional hosting. Salesforce. com is by far the best-known example among enterprise applications, but SaaS is also common for HR apps and has even worked its way up the food chain to  ERP, with players such as Workday. And who could have predi cted the sudden rise of SaaS  desktop applications, such as Google Apps and Zoho Office? . Utility computing The idea is not new, but this form of cloud computing is getting new life from Amazon. com, Sun, IBM, and others who now offer storage and virtual servers that IT can access on demand. Early enterprise adopters mainly use utility computing for supplemental, non-mission-critical needs, but one day, they may replace parts of the datacenter. Other providers offer solutions that help IT create virtual datacenters from commodity servers, such as 3Teras AppLogic and Cohesive Flexible Technologies Elastic Server on Demand.Liquid Computings LiquidQ offers similar capabilities, enabling IT to stitch together memory, I/O, storage, and computational capacity as a virtualized  resource pool available over the network. 3. Web services in the cloud Closely related to SaaS, Web service providers offer APIs that enable developers to exploit functionality over the Internet, rather than de livering full-blown applications. They range from providers offering discrete business services such as Strike Iron and Xignite to the full range of APIs offered by Google Maps, ADP payroll processing, the U.S. Postal Service, Bloomberg, and even conventional credit  card processing  services. 4. Platform as a service Another SaaS variation, this form of cloud computing delivers development environments as a service. You build your own applications that run on the providers infrastructure and are delivered to your users via the Internet from the providers servers. Like Legos, these services are constrained by the vendors design and capabilities, so you dont get complete freedom, but you do get predictability and pre-integration.Prime examples include Salesforce. coms  Force. com,Coghead  and the new  Google App Engine. For extremely lightweight development, cloud-basedmashup platforms  abound, such as  Yahoo Pipes  or Dapper. net. 5. MSP (managed service providers) One of the oldest forms of cloud computing, a managed service is basically an application exposed to IT rather than to end-users, such as a virus scanning service for e-mail or an application monitoring service (which Mercury, among others, provides).Managed security services delivered by SecureWorks, IBM, and Verizon fall into this category, as do such cloud-based anti-spam services as Postini, recently acquired by Google. Other offerings include desktop management services, such as those offered by CenterBeam or Everdream. 6. Service commerce platforms A  hybrid  of SaaS and MSP, this cloud computing service offers a service hub that users interact with. Theyre most common in trading environments, such as expense management systems that allow users to order travel or secretarial services from a common platform that then coordinates the ervice delivery and pricing within the specifications set by the user. Think of it as an automated service bureau. Well-known examples include Rearden Commerce and Ariba. 7. Internet integration The integration of cloud-based services is in its early days. OpSource, which mainly concerns itself with serving SaaS providers, recently introduced the OpSource Services Bus, which employs in-the-cloud integration technology from a little startup called Boomi.SaaS provider Workday recently acquired another player in this space, CapeClear, an ESB (enterprise service bus) provider that was edging toward b-to-b integration. Way ahead of its time, Grand Central which wanted to be a universal bus in the cloud to connect SaaS providers and provide integrated solutions to customers flamed out in 2005. Today, with such cloud-based interconnection seldom in evidence, cloud computing might be more accurately described as sky computing, with many isolated clouds of services which IT customers must plug into individually.On the other hand, as virtualization and SOA permeate the enterprise, the idea of loosely coupled services running on a n agile, scalable infrastructure should eventually make every enterprise a node in the cloud. Its a long-running trend with a far-out horizon. But among big metatrends, cloud computing is the hardest one to argue with in the long term. aristanetworks. com/en/solutions http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cloud_computing infoworld. com/d/cloud-computing/what-cloud-computing-really-means-031? page=0,1

Federalism and the United States Constitution

Federalism and the United States Constitution Federalism is a compound system of government in which a single, central or â€Å"federal† government is combined with regional government units such as states or provinces in a single political confederation. In this context, federalism can be defined as a system of government in which powers are divided among two levels of government of equal status. In the United States, for example, the system of federalism - as created by the U.S. Constitution - divides powers between the national government and the various state and territorial governments. How Federalism Came to the Constitution While Americans take federalism for granted today, its inclusion in the Constitution did not come without considerable controversy. The so-called Great Debate over federalism took the spotlight on May 25, 1787, when 55 delegates representing 12 of the original 13 U.S. states gathered in Philadelphia for the Constitutional Convention. New Jersey was the lone state that chose not to send a delegation. The main goal of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War. As the nation’s first written constitution, the Articles of Confederation provided for a decidedly weak federal government with more significant powers granted to the states. Among the most glaring of these weaknesses were: Each state - regardless of its population - got only one vote in Congress.There was only one chamber of Congress rather than a House and Senate.All laws required a 9/13 supermajority vote to pass in Congress.Members of Congress were appointed by the state legislatures rather than elected by the people.Congress had no power to levy taxes or regulate foreign and interstate commerce.There was no executive branch provided to enforce laws passed by Congress.There was no Supreme Court or a  lower national court system.Amendments to the Articles of Confederation required a unanimous vote of the states. The weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation had been the caused a seemingly endless series of conflicts between the states, especially in the areas of interstate trade and tariffs. The delegates to the Constitutional Convention hoped the new covenant they were crafting would prevent such disputes. However, the new Constitution finally signed by the Founding Fathers in 1787 needed to be ratified by at least nine of the 13 states in order to take effect. This would prove to be far harder than the document’s supporters had expected. A Great Debate Over Power Erupts As one of the most impactful aspects of the Constitution, the concept of federalism was considered extremely innovative - and controversial - in 1787.   Federalism’s sharing of powers by both the national and state governments was viewed to be in stark contrast to the â€Å"unitary† system of government practiced for centuries in Great Britain. Under such unitary systems, the national government allows local governments very limited powers to govern themselves or their residents. Thus, it is not surprising that Articles of Confederation, coming so soon after the end of Britain’s often tyrannical unitary control of colonial America, would provide for an extremely weak national government. Many newly-independent Americans, including some tasked with drafting the new Constitution, simply did not trust a strong national government - a lack of trust that resulted in a Great Debate. Taking place both during the Constitutional Convention and later during the state ratification process, The Great Debate over federalism pitted the Federalists against the Anti-Federalists. Headed by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, the Federalists favored a strong national government, while the Anti-Federalists, led by Patrick Henry of Virginia, favored a weaker U.S. government leaving more power to the states. Opposed to the new Constitution, the Anti-Federalists argued that the document’s provision of federalism promoted a corrupt government, with the three separate branches constantly battling each other for control. In addition, the Anti-Federalists stirred fear among the people that a strong national government might allow the President of the United States to act as a virtual king. In defending the new Constitution, Federalist leader James Madison wrote in the â€Å"Federalist Papers† that the system of government created by the document would be â€Å"neither wholly national nor wholly federal.† Madison argued that federalism’s system of shared powers would prevent each state from acting as its own sovereign nation with the power to override the laws of the Confederation. Indeed, the Articles of Confederation had unequivocally stated, â€Å"Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.† Federalism Wins the Day On September 17, 1787, the proposed Constitution - including its provision for federalism - was signed by 39 of the 55 delegates to the Constitutional Convention and sent to the states for ratification. Under Article VII, the new Constitution would not become binding until it had been approved by the legislatures of at least nine of the 13 states.    In a purely tactical move, the Federalist supporters of the Constitution began the ratification process in those states where they had encountered little or no opposition, postponing the more difficult states until later. On June 21, 1788, New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the Constitution. Effective March 4, 1789, the United States officially became governed by the provisions of the U.S. Constitution. Rhode Island became the thirteenth and final state to ratify the Constitution on May 29, 1790. The Debate Over the Bill of Rights Along with the Great Debate over federalism, a controversy arose during the ratification process over the Constitution’s perceived failure to protect the basic rights of American citizens. Led by Massachusetts, several states argued that the new Constitution failed to protect the basic individual rights and freedoms that the British Crown had denied the American colonists -   the freedoms of speech, religion, assembly, petition, and the press. In addition, these states also objected to the lack of powers granted to the states. In order to ensure ratification, supporters of the Constitution agreed to create and include the Bill of Rights, which at the time, included twelve rather than 10 amendments. Mainly to appease Anti-Federalists who feared that the U.S. Constitution would give the federal government total control over the states, Federalist leaders agreed to add the Tenth Amendment, which specifies that, â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.†Ã‚   Updated by Robert Longley

Joint venture success factors in the petroleum industry (management Essay

Joint venture success factors in the petroleum industry (management side) - Essay Example On the other hand, there were thirteen failure factors that gas and oil managers pointed out. The failure factors include; i. Selecting a suitable business partner. ii. Managerial teams having mixed abilities. iii. The company’s power of negotiation. iv. Gain of foreign technology v. Compatibility of each partners objectives vi. Having a clear understanding of the petroleum sector future dynamics vii. Gaining managerial expertise from foreign partners viii. Cooperation between supply and reinforcement. ix. Export development. x. Sharing risks and profits. xi. International marketing cooperation. xii. Joint venture agreement transparency. xiii. Powers for independent decision making. The success factors that were pointed out by the managers include; i. Corporate cultures importance ii. Production cooperation. iii. Solving of conflicts iv. Export development v. Domestic marketing cooperation. vi. Taking an equal responsibility in management vii. The willingness of the partners f rom Algeria to retain their stake as majority shareholders in the Joint Ventures. viii. Involvement of domestic partners in R & D. ix. International leasing eligibility. The data gathered from all the participants in the form of filled questionnaires were then arranged as tables in the SPSS data files in order to be analyzed through the SPSS processor. In total, four SPPSS data files or tables were composed, out of which one represented the Algerian Managers failure factors, one included the Algerian Managers success factors, one comprised of Foreign Managers failure factors and one consisted of Foreign Managers success factors. Each one of the 4 SPSS data files was analyzed by executing the descriptive analysis, t-test analysis and chi-square analysis with the help of the SPSS software. Subsequent to which, the output data that were generated for each table have been presented in the respective tables in the following sections. The SPSS processor also generated the histogram showin g the distribution of each factor with respect to the normal-distribution-curve. The output data for each section will then be compared to develop the similarities and the differences in the perception of the Algerian managers to that of the foreign managers in relation to the success and failure factors of the international oil and gas joint ventures in Algeria both in the past and in the present. 11.1. Literature Review 11.1.1. Hypothesis Testing A hypothesis, in a research-study, can be defined as an expression that can be subjected to analysis. For answering a statistical question, the question is formulated in the form of a hypothesis. Then the hypothesis is accepted or rejected on the basis of the outcome of the analysis. The hypothesis that is being analyzed or tested is referred as the null hypothesis and is denoted by H0, which has to be a true or false statement. There is an alternative hypothesis denoted by HA for every null hypothesis. In this regard, the development and the assessment of the hypotheses is the most important task however the best way for the hypothesis-construction is not necessarily evident: Priority is given to the null hypothesis and it is accepted until some strong evidence is found or produced against it. If a hypothesis is simpler than the other one then it should be given priority in order to adopt a relatively 'simpler' theory unless adequate evidence is found

Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Interview - Essay Example The room itself had an unmistakable aura of grandeur about it. It was old but that wasn’t the only attribute, something struck me when I realized that these walls had been privy to the conversations of some of the greatest minds the world has ever seen.   ‘Oh crap’ I thought, ‘I actually have to answer this question’. While responding, I realized that even though this was an interview to study economics, the professors were interested to see how well I could synthesize different information from a variety of subjects. In this particular case it was perhaps political science and later in the interview, there was a great deal of mathematics involved. Furthermore, this interview was not the usual question and answer session that I had been used to in school; it was an open ended discussion with the experts. I disagreed with some of their opinions on several economic issues and gave some of my own. The dialogue that the interview entailed was nothing like I had previously encountered and therefore provided me with a distinct intellectual challenge.   In comparison with other experiences which have aided my intellectual development, this interview certainly holds the highest rank. My experiences at Model United Nations conferences were full of dialogue and debate regarding critical issues; the topics of discussion were provided beforehand whereas this interview truly tested my thinking skills and ability to adapt to a completely new situation. Alternatively, the training that the school’s Math team and I are currently partaking for the International Schools Mathematics Teacher’s Foundation (Hague, February 2012), has also been a challenge due to the intensity of our work and the fact that we are forced to synthesize information and topics we have previously seen in regular Math classes. However the interview holds more weight as it involved the synthesis of more than one

Education System of Pakistan Analysis

Education System of Pakistan Analysis All through human history, the source of success had been the control of natural resources land, gold and oil. Suddenly, the emphasis has shifted to knowledge and education in the modern contemporary world. The worlds wealthiest man, Bill Gates, owns nothing tangible no land, no gold or oil, no factories, no armies. For the first time in human history the worlds wealthiest man owns only knowledge, which has become the new basis for wealth. Progress and prosperity of a country, both spiritual and material, thus largely depend, more than ever before on the kind of education it provides to its people. Indeed, education is one of the most powerful instruments of change in achieving national goals by producing young minds imbued with the knowledge, attitude, skills and competencies to shape the future destiny of a nation. Contrary to the challenge of this emerging education revolution, out of Pakistans total population of 140 million, around 80 million are illiterate.  [1]  The national literacy rate is 45 percent with male literacy at 57 percent and female at 33, a gross enrolment at primary level of 87 percent (of whom 50 percent drop out before grade 5), 17.5 percent gross enrolment at secondary level and 4.5 percent at tertiary level?  [2]   Despite 53 years of our independence we have not been able to tailor the education system in conformity with our religious, ideological, socio- economic needs and the imperatives of the modern world. The failure could be attributed to any number of causes but the fact remains that quantitatively, our literacy rate is poorest even among developing countries of the world, qualitatively our certificates and degrees carry little weight in the international institutes and there still exists an imbalance in our requirements to tailor an ideal education system. We have stepped into the 21st century, which surely requires a definite reappraisal of our education system. We ought to learn from our very slow progress rate in the past and must take steps to meet the challenges of the future lest we are left behind. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF EDUCATION IN THE SUB-CONTINENT Teaching the offsprings has always been the natural instinct of all animals. It differed from society to society and man to man. The Sub-continent remained in darkness so far as community education was concerned till the establishment of Vedic schools but than it saw turbulence in this field which very few regions have seen. This part will briefly cover the different stages of the turbulence in the sub-continent. Before British Rule Vedic Schools of Brahmins. The earliest schools in the country now known as Pakistan were the Vedic schools for the training of Brahim priests. Sometimes before 500 B.C these schools began to enrol nonpriestly class pupils and to develop as true community schools in every village. They were generally composed of 12 to 20 students, and their sole teacher was the village priest who was regarded as a public official supported through rent-free land or a share in the harvest. The classes were normally held in the open under shady trees. Buddhist Monks. A parallel educational system was sponsored by the Buddhists to prepare their adherents for a life of meditation as a monk. The Buddhist schools, although located in monasteries, were open to all. Youth intending to pursue a monastic life were trained until the age of 20, while those who wanted a secular career left at the age of 12. Muslim Madrassahs. The Muslim invaders introduced the third educational system, and it flourished particularly in the northern areas of the subcontinent. Schools were generally attached to the Mosques, and the curriculum consisted of the Quran and little else. While the Muslim rulers supported only Islamic schools, Hindus and Buddhists retained their traditional education. Muslim male children (females were excluded from all forms of public education) began their study in maktab, where they received instructions from the imam (worship leader of a mosque) in the rudiments of the Arabic language. The older students continued their studies in the madrasahs, where they were taught Arabic and Persian, rhetoric, grammar, logic, geometry, algebra, astronomy, natural philosophy, medicine, theology and poetry. Children of the wealthy, especially the girls, were often tutored privately in their homes. The madrassahs declined in number and standards with the decline of the Mughal Empire and ris e of British power in the 18th and 19th centuries  [3]   During the British Rule The British System. The system of education followed in colonial India was introduced by the British primarily for turning out clerks and subordinates necessary for carrying on the administrative affairs of the country in English under the British masters in the colonial set-up. The system of education designed by Lord Macaulay in his own words was aimed at forming a class of persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, opinions, morals and intellect.  [4]  By the end of the 19th century, Muslims were encouraged to opt for the British system of education, which opened the door to economic and social advancement. However the consensus of the opinion was that since the existing system was designed by the alien rulers to serve their own imperialistic ends it can hardly be expected to deliver the goods.  [5]   Muslim Institutes. In reaction to the British system, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan introduced a new English education system which, in character was Indian- Muslim. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan founded Anglo-Muhammadan College, now known as Aligarh Muslim University in 1875, and he always believed that Western education was compatible with Islam. Simultaneously, the orthodox Muslims introduced institutions like Deoband, Nadwat-ul-ulema Lucknow etc, thus giving rise to a sharp distinction between the traditionalists and the modernists, a distinction that continues to this day. At / After Partition The inherited System. The present system of education in Pakistan is the heritage of the Pre Partitioned British India. However, since independence many policies, plans and reports have been formulated for improving the literacy rate in the country. The important documents in this regard are listed as annex A. Education Policy 1998 to 2010. The policy incorporates a large number of new steps to resuscitate the education system. According to this policy 45,000 new primary schools and 20,000 mosque schools are to be set up before 2003. 75,000 more basic education institutions were to be established under Prime Minister Literacy Commission. 45,000 primary schools are to be upgraded to middle level and 30,000 to secondary level. The policy laid special emphasis on vocational and technical education. Private sector has also been encouraged to set up schools, colleges and universities. This is an ambitious policy aimed at achieving 70% literacy by year 2010. Its other main features are attached as annex B  [6]  : All the policies and plans as mentioned above envisaged various objectives at different levels however the spirit of the objectives, remained the same as it continues to stress: The ideological basis of education. National Unity. Development. Growth of the Society. Economic Progress. Equalisation of educational opportunity. Social equality. Quality of education. j. Education to be oriented to the world of work. Quality of education to be maintained at all levels with global standard. Propagation of scientific, technological and research aptitude. To promote functional literacy among out of school children. To bring about cultural harmony and social cohesion through education. To bring about the countrys spiritual and culture in harmony with the contemporary world. The overall sketch of the objectives of all-educational policies and plans clearly indicates the story of Education in Pakistan as the story of high promises, rhetorical emphasis on progress but sadly, little real achievement  [7]  . ANALYSIS OF OUR PRESENT EDUCATION SYSTEM Though the education system has attracted a considerable attention, it is difficult to ascertain any deterioration in its quality as well as quantity. There has been manifold increase in the number of educational institutions. The government is spending much more than it was in the past but the results are still not satisfactory. The parents blame the teachers, teachers the students and students, in turn, shift the entire responsibility to the system and society. To ascertain the erosion of education standards, it is important to analyse the education system as follows: Basic Ingredients. Major Weaknesses. Effects of Existing Education System. Basic Ingredients The educational pyramid consists of three distinct stages Elementary, Secondary/Higher Secondary and Higher Education.  [8]   a. Elementary Education. Designed from 5 to 12 years of age to impart universal literacy and explore hidden talent among the students from class I to 8. Elementary education employs regional languages as medium of instruction. Rural areas confront low enrolment, weak turnout, weak infrastructure and inadequate facilities, whereas urban institutions are overcrowded and located in unhealthy environment. This crucial stage of a childs learning is overloaded with stereotypical academic curriculum basically aiming at providing primary inputs for higher education. The syllabus provides no opportunity for arts, crafts and pre-vocational exposures. Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. Secondary and Higher Secondary stage is an integral part of the growth package for an individual towards his intellectual, research and professional excellence, coincides with adolescence stage (a delicate and sensitive phase of human development) which requires calculated guidance with logical reasoning. The existing curriculum at this stage is again information oriented, predominantly bookish and theoretical in nature, which does not develop a child as to the demands of either the society or work place. The students thus lack exposure to practical and creative work. Soon after their secondary schooling, many of them begin to search for a clerical type of job. At present, 60-80% of students in secondary classes are enrolled in arts subjects, which leads through an aimless general education that has very little acceptance in our agro-based controlled economy. Thus, a pattern of supply rather than demand-orientation in terms of instructions at secondary and higher secondary levels is further accentuating the dropouts either before or during this critical learning period. Higher Education. This commences at the age where the element of coercion fades away and students are motivated enough to pursue serious studies and possess abilities for academic/intellectual growth. There are basically stages of scholarly activities at higher education. These are B.A, M.A and the M.Phil. /Ph.D. The first one introduces the field of specialisation, the second the mastery of same field and the third carries students into new advanced fields through independent study and original research work. Under the present educational environment, higher education is producing academics instead of practitioners as there is virtually no concept or avenue for the use of higher learning of certain subjects in our society. Since thinking process and creation of knowledge remains quite restricted without proper experience and experiments and therefore, higher education without practice cannot be truly useful. Some relevant educational statistics/targets as envisaged in the educational policy of 1998-2010 are attached as annexes C, D, E and F MAJOR WEAKNESSES Lack of Quality Education. The most important problem being faced by our educational system is that of quality education. The major factor being over-crowding in the classes i.e. 80 students or more are handled together in a small room. The teaching staff is also unable to pay individual attention to their students; this naturally leads to indiscipline and deterioration of standards in the class.  [9]   Untrained Teachers. Unfortunately non-availability of qualified and properly trained teachers also retarded the expansion of literacy rate by adversary affecting the establishment of new educational institution as well as the quality of education in existing institutions. In a nation wide study in Pakistan in 1995, teachers with less than Matric level education could not answer 30% of questions based on grade four textbooks.  [10]   Large Number of Dropouts. Socio-economic factor is a major reason for a large number of dropouts of students even before completing their primary/middle standards. Economic pressures force a student to assist the family to increase family income at the expanse of his education. Other contributing factors in this regard are :  [11]   A dislike for school subjects. Unsatisfactory student-teacher relationship. A history of school failures. Non participation in school activities. Female Education. Literacy rate of female in Pakistan is half of that of males. Primary reasons for this are: Male dominance, cultural biases, and ages old tribal traditions. Girls are often required to help with household work of the family. Lack of conveniently located schools and separate schools for girls. Non availability of female teachers. In Pakistan female teachers at primary level are 25% of total teachers. Inflexible hours of schooling and irrelevant curricula. Non Involvement of Community. Nationalisation of schools in the 1970s, without adequate community participation in the running of schools, had led to a major deterioration in the quality of education. Non Participation of Private Sector. Insufficient government facilities do not cater for requirements of the country. In rural areas, where literacy rate is at the lowest, no worth while participation of the private sector exists. Illdiversification of Courses. It is imperative that a wide choice of subjects be made available to the students at the beginning of 9th class to suit their individual needs, aptitude and temperaments. It is unfortunate that most of our education is of a general and academic nature. Therefore there is an intellectual drought. The general academic nature, no doubt, helps in broadening the vision and creating a general consciousness of the happenings around us, but it is seldom of any use in carrying out the practical affairs of life successfully in the complex society of today. Allocation of Funds. UNESCO has recommended that 4% of the G.N.P, is a reasonable amount to be spent by the developing countries on education, whereas Pakistan presently is spending about 2.2% of G.N.P on education. Infact Pakistan is the only country in South Asia, where expenditure on education, as a percentage of G.N.P, has fallen since 1990.  [12]   Evaluation System. Prevalent examination system is marred by a number of evils. Tests are based on end of cycle certification rather than periodic tests. Dangerous trend of cheating and manipulation has also crept in the system. Language. Our education system suffers from a precarious struggle between education in English and Urdu. Presently, there are two standards of education each basing on one language. Other Factors Out of meagre amount spent on education, a huge portion is wasted through corrupt and inefficient system. According to a survey by Army Rs 1.5 billion per year were embezzled in head of teachers salaries.  [13]   52% of teachers in Pakistan use physical punishment. Curriculum of primary education is not in line with our objectives and national aspirations. Textbooks are sub standard and generally are not in conformity with the specifications/standards set by the curriculum bureau.  [14]   Political unrest and unhealthy political activities amongst students adversely affect education. Its however limited to beyond primary and secondary levels. School timings for the year do not take into account agriculture cycles, which limits attendance in rural areas.  [15]   Narrow research base in the universities. h. Non-employability of educated youth. j. Ineffective role of media. k. Education not being used at all for social change. l. Learning less in substance and more in volume. Effects of Existing Education System Lack of National Aspirations. The development of education is confronted with just about all problems that can be found anywhere in the world. A long detailed description of objectives and aspirations of all educational policies since 1947-98 magnifies the confusion as it has always been set in the absence of definite National Goals. Waste of Effort. The present education system does not prepare a student for the challenges of the life rather it only prepares him for examination. At the same time huge amount is spent on sending individuals abroad for higher studies and research but the country does not have requisite means and infrastructure to benefit from their higher standards on their return, thus the higher qualification become a mere status symbol with no advantage to the country and no satisfaction to the individuals academic aspirations. Loss of Inherited Trade. Most of our students come from the working class. The present system of education detaches them from their ancestral trade/business and imparts them a general education though at times it may be very sophisticated education. These youth are ultimately a loss to their trades, to their parents, to the society and to themselves as well. The present system of education is systematically producing a large number of unemployed, frustrated and dejected youth.  [16]   Unemployment. Education policies in the past made an effort to give an industrial bias to education. Hence a number of polytechnics and commercial colleges were opened throughout the country. The result is that now we have a daring situation of unemployment among technically qualified. Moreover trade and industry field in the country is still not sufficiently developed to absorb these trained people. Bad Governess. Giving higher education to those not possessing the intelligence and aptitude is a national waste. The present system of education in Pakistan is producing so many unemployable graduates of such indifferent quality that they are often not even good clerks and assistants. It is not the number of persons graduating that asses the efficacy of an education system but the quality of such graduates. When the incapable graduates grow in abundance and the society has no system other than the degree to determine merit, the incompetent are bound to infiltrate all walks of life and reasonable positions and threaten the very survival of the socio-economic institutions. The proliferation of facilities for higher education without appropriate merit criteria is, therefore, counterproductive. Waste of Female Strength. Women who constitute 52 % of the countrys population have literacy rate of only 26%. The dropout ratio for women during and after primary schooling is about 80%. The main reason behind it is that girls are not considered as an economic asset to the family hence their education remains a neglected aspect in our society. Production of Disgruntled Youth. According to education policy 1972-80, the existing system of education is one of the root cause of the general dropout in our education system. At present there are internal examination from class first to seventh, under which students are failed or passed on the basis of annual test. There is no test of observing or recording the performance of the student throughout the year. As a result the passing or failing of a students in the annual examination becomes a matter of the pupils memory. The high percentage of failures not only leads to heavy dropouts but also brings to life feeling of frustration and inferiority in the student. This is not only a national wastage but adds to our society a large number of handicapped people,  [17]  which ultimately produces disgruntled youth. Controversial Medium of Instruction. Notwithstanding the recognition of Urdu as a national language in the constitution, education policy on the medium of instruction is always based on compromises. The phenomenon of different languages being used in various regions as medium of instruction and even within a region has created a confused state. In these circumstances development of textbooks in indigenous languages has not been carried out in a systematic and co-ordinated manner. This apart, a student remains exposed to learning three/four languages. From this ensues limited linguistic ability which restricts the students horizon and forces them to rely on memorising and learning by rote.  [18]  The students mug up few topics that they expect in examination; if the question paper include those topics, the examinees are happy and if the expected questions are not asked, they protest violently and leave the examination hall. Lack of Pride in the Teaching Profession. Qualified and motivated youth in the teaching profession is essential to ensure a quality education. The best graduates join either engineering or medicine while the rest look for other outlets before joining as a teacher. Low pay grades, poor social status, meagre benefits and a missing career-ladder in teaching profession does not attract the best students. Presently, teaching is a difficult job with low salary, no status and ever-growing public criticism. These are making it difficult for the teacher to work with pride and dedication. Improvement Towards Betterment STRENGTH Having completed the analysis, it is felt that there are basically five major fields in the education system, which needs close attention to put the things at their right place. The recommendations are being made in these fields one by one which are:- Economic Reforms. Structural Organisations. Qualitative Improvements. Socio-Political, Ethical and Cultural Development. National Emergency Economic Reforms User Charges. There is a strong justification to gradually raise fee structure for secondary and higher level education. However, on social consideration the raise should be steeper for higher level than secondary level. Those poor outstanding students, who qualify for higher studies, should be provided a fixed stipend. Induction of Local Bodies and Private Sector in Education. Education is basically the responsibility of provincial government, but at the same time it is also a national concern and in certain major areas, decision ought to be taken at national level. There is a need to regard education as a federal-provincial partnership. Education planning has to be decentralised to the district level and still down to union council level. Moreover, there is a need to incorporate private sector particularly the NGOs and support them in a massive way through financial support to enable them to undertake literacy programmes on a much larger scale. Increased Budgetary Allocations. The government must allocate minimum 4% of G.N.P, to education as recommended by UNESCO. Additional resources be diverted from the budget to education by effecting some economy in defence /Non developmental expenditure. Structural Organisation Primary and Adult Education. Primary and adult education should form the bulwark of our education structure and should receive highest allocation. Emphasis should be laid on properly equipping the existing schools before establishing new formal schools or informal and community schools. However, the existing and new schools should take into account the socio-economic environment of areas in the matter of educational cycle and timings of schools. If this is not taken into account, high dropout rates and phenomena of ghost schools will continue. Secondary Education. Secondary schools are of two types, general and vocational/polytechnic. These schools should be unified and converted into complete stage of education with curricula of compulsory subjects and a few elective subjects for preparing the students for a definite vocational career. Tertiary Education. The colleges and the universities, both general and professional, have outgrown in number. The need is to consolidate and improve these seats of higher learning than expanding them. This improvement and consolidation should be brought about by: a. Admitting the students purely on merit after subjecting them to aptitude tests so as to determine whether they really qualify for specialised studies. b. Making the colleges and universities autonomous and research oriented. c. Throwing out politics and professional students from the campuses. d. Bestowing on Professors and Teachers the same social status as is enjoyed by them in advanced countries. Medium of Instructions. The issue of medium of instruction has continued to be skirted due to its sensitivity. The issue should be tackled rationally and boldly as under: At primary level the national language as unanimously agreed to by the representatives of the people and enshrined in the Constitution, should be introduced as the medium of instruction. At the secondary level also, the national language should be made the medium of instruction. English should be taught as compulsory subject and its curricula should be completely revised to encourage communicative and cognitive skills in this language. c. At tertiary level, English should be the medium of instructions. The possibility of introduction of national language can be reviewed later. Qualitative Improvements Teachers Education. The output of qualified teachers has lagged behind the expansion in the schools. Therefore, the number of teachers training institution should be increased and unqualified teachers should be compulsorily trained in these institutions. Those who do not qualify should not be retained. At the same time, the terms of service of teachers should be improved to make profession of education attractive. Teachers Supervision and Performance Assessment. With the expansion in the educational network, supervision and assessment of teachers has received a serious setback. This lack of supervision and support has resulted in large-scale absenteeism and low morale among teachers. Hence, in order to improve supervision and carry out on-the-spot support to teachers (model teaching, in service training etc) existing training and inspection system should be strengthened. Incentives. Suitable annual awards should be instituted for the meritorious work in the field of literacy at national, provincial and local level. It has been observed that government schoolteachers take up alternative employment while their attendance is recorded regularly by junior teachers attending the classes. In the rural areas the situation is much worse. Number of Students in a Class. To prevent overcrowding, the number of students in a class should be restricted to thirty-five or less. Physical Facilities including Instructional Material. The educational institutions are deficient in four areas, namely buildings and furniture, laboratories and equipment, textbooks and sports. These facilities are to be made available without any delay. Curriculum. Curricula in educational institutions are not only overcrowded but also out of pace with advancement of knowledge. Therefore, a major effort should be made to revise curricula at primary, secondary, college and university levels in order to make it meaningful and responsive to the needs of the society. Moreover it should be same for both the government and private schools throughout the country. Textbooks. Our textbooks are of poor quality lacking content, method of presentation, printing and set-up. At the same time, they are cost productive. These textbooks have also a strong flavour of foreignness which, to a large extent, owes to syllabus as also to scarcity of writers who can compose textbooks without relying heavily on plagiarism. Therefore, a massive reform of textbooks should be undertaken. Examination System. The examinations test the students for rote memory and largely exclude conceptual and cognitive tests. The system should be reformed with emphasis on internal assessment and its linkage with curriculum development process. There is also a need for the standardisation of the examination system. All examination papers should be prepared by one central authority, through one curriculum both for private and government schools. Effort should also be made to make evaluation system foolproof. There is also a need to take suitable measures to eliminate test papers and notes other than prescribed curr

Articles of Confederations Fails Essay

In order for a country to work to its fullest potential, it needs a great government. This government needs to do three important tasks. It needs to set up laws, enforce the laws, and provide many different services. Also, it needs to make sure it brings everyone together. Finally, if the government has a problem it should be able to be fixed easily. When the 13 colonies had the Articles of Confederation it couldn’t do many of the things it was supposed to do, thus it failed as a government. First, the Articles couldn’t fulfill the purposes of government like it was supposed to. They were supposed to set up many laws to keep the states and the country as a whole in order. They couldn’t do that; so instead the states made up their own rules and followed them. That also caused the states to become more independent. Also, since there were no laws, that means that the government couldn’t enforce any laws. Although, it could provide some services, but that was the only purpose the government could fulfill. Who wants a government that can’t do what it was meant to do? The Articles didn’t fulfill the purposes of government and that is why it failed as a government. Next, a strong a government can bring it’s entire nation together, unlike the Articles of Confederation. Nobody in the states really liked or agreed with the Articles. The 13 different states started making up their own rules and just followed them. This caused separation between the states, which was not good in the least bit. In order to have a good country, it is much better if the government can unite everyone. The Articles of Confederations couldn’t bring it’s nation together, so it failed as a government. Finally, the Articles couldn’t been fixed easily. It took all the 13 states to agree on something to be fixed within the Articles. If one state didn’t want a change it didn’t happen. That means that it would be very hard to fix anything with the government. The Articles could not fix itself for fulfilling the purposes of government or uniting the country. For a country starting out with its first government, they should’ve have known there were probably going to be problems. Usually, the first time you try something it doesn’t work out perfectly. With that, they should have made a way to easily fix the Articles, but they could not. With this huge problem, the United States definitely needed a change of government. The Articles of Confederation could not easily be fixed, a final reason to why it failed as a government. We had the Articles, for many reasons. They could not fulfill the purposes of government under it. Also, we couldn’t bring all the 13 states together as a nation, protect the people of the country, or fix the problems of government with ease. The states needed all of those items to become a great country. Instead, it caused many problems for the people of the states. In conclusion, the Articles of Confederation were overturned for the greater good.

E - Business - Individual Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2853 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Course: BA (Hons) in Accounting and Finance Module title: E-Business Coursework: Individual Essay In this modern era, successful e-commerce firms have business models that create value to the firms, therefore the focus will be on how online social networking firms have takes advantage of the modern technology to turn into good business ideas. Thus, what will be cover in this essay is on the business model and strategies of the selected social networking sites (SNS). Facebook and Twitter are the examples of SNS that will be used. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "E Business Individual Essay" essay for you Create order Firstly, it is important to state how technology has evolve in the modern world because this relates to how SNS grown from the past. Therefore, history and the rise of social media will be one of the first area will be cover. Besides that, the following area that will be cover after history of social media is business strategy used by these two firms. An effective e strategy will keep the firm to sustain and grow but if these firms do not keep track with it closely might give them problems in the future. The next part that will be touching on is to look into detail of the business model on these two social networking firms. Different social networking firms have different business model, it shows the strength of these SNS. Besides that, comparison between these social networking firm business models will be made so it can understand how one is better than the other one in different ways. Lastly, risk face by SNS and the future of social media is another aspect that has to ta ke into account. Technology evolve in a very fast pace and is so popular nowadays compare to the past, whether is young or old, almost everyone uses internet. Some use for personal interest such as games and watching videos, some use it for online shopping and some use business purpose. Because of this reason, it also gives firms opportunity to enter into e-commerce and capture the business based on customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s preference. Understanding the needs of customers is one of the most important factors that firms have to look into. In the past decade, the rise of online social networking has been very popular and it is something that almost everyone in the world what is it about and uses now. Social network is an internet-based social media program that enables to make connections between friends, family, clients and customers. In other words, it can be done for social purposes, business or both. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIN are some of the examples of popular SNS. It is important to understand how social networks started and have grown into a big business. When social networking sites were first introduced, one of the very first useful and popular features that make social networking popular is that users can locate back their long lost friends. As time pass, there are more and more features that create joy and fun for users to use and it become a hit. Societies and people started to be aware of social networking when Friendster was introduced in Year 2002, it has 3 million users in the first three months. After that, social networks sites such as LinkedIn, Facebook and Twitter are one of the top social networking sites that came into the market and turn social network into to be something to be known to the world. It is true that the use of and popularity of Social Networks grown over the years. The reason behind it is the additional features that bring more benefits to users. Among all the social network sites, Facebook is the on e that won the web. Innovative features that puts Facebook ahead of the rest. In 2009, Facebook ranked as the most-used social network worldwide with more than 200 million. As we understand handset culture has rise over the years, therefore this has even made social media more popular as it becomes part of humanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s daily lives. For instance, in year 2011, there are 550 million people on Facebook, 65 millions tweets sent through Twitter in a day. Social media was on the rise along with mobile social media smartphones and tablets computers. It allows users to be connected with each other constantly and provides real time interaction and users do not have to wait until they get home to update their status or see their notifications. Smartphone and social media are two mediums that work together and represent the two most popular ways to keep in touch with friends. And because mobile technology is getting better and better, there are more people who access social network s via smartphones and tablets than computer. Besides that, many countries around the world heavily engaged with social networks such as United Kingdom, United States, Canada, China, Japan and etc. Since social media is so popular, many businesses change their landscape for marketing and advertising. The reason that businesses should use social media for advertising is to create brand awareness. It not only able to reach more customers, it is also able to monitor competitorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s latest updates and news. In terms of business strategy, Facebook and Twitter do have similarities. Both adopt diversification strategy. The way it diversifies is by acquiring its competitors. For an example, Facebook acquired Instagram in year 2012 and acquired WhatsApp this year, whereas Twitter acquiredf Namo Media and MoPub. One of the main reasons of acquiring these companies is to eliminate the competitors. Because competitors pose threats to them, an effective way of reduce the threa ts is eliminating its competitors which is what Facebook and Twitter did. Apart from this, Facebook also diversify by creating its own application, Facebook papers. Facebook paper is an application for Facebook users to discover news and share it with friends on the social network. Its feature is almost similar to Flipboard. Thus, besides having its own social site, it also expand to other areas by diversifying. For any e-commerce firms to be successful, an effective business model is needed. Business models separate into different components such as value proposition, revenue model, competitive environment and competitive advantage. The most simple reason that organisation need business model because it is a base or a guideline to lead organisation to make money. A business model is about how organisation solve customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s problem in a profitable way and it will be a very useful business formula oganisation can use to understand it. With an effective business mod el in place, it able to create unique qualities of the web, provide customers real value, effective and efficient operation, avoid any legal issues that will affect the firm in a negative way, and as a result it will turn into a profitable business. As we understand that most of the SNS are free for users to register and use it, they cannot rely on users for revenue; therefore they need a unique business model in place to produce revenues and profits. There are reasons behind the success of social network sites. By having an effective business model is the key factor why some social network sites are better than another. As it mention above, Facebook and Twitter will be the two examples that will be used to discuss on their business model. It will be understandable that most of the people would agree that Facebook has the best business model among the social network sites because it is the most users. Therefore, by looking into detail in each of these components enable a bette r understanding on what that makes Facebook so special and standout against the competitors. Value proposition is one the first component of business model. It concern on how SNS create value to businesses that uses it as a tool to conduct their business. Facebook and Twitter have different value proposition. There are approximately 1.4 billion Facebook users at the moment. One of the very obvious answers is to advantage of the number of Facebook users. This is good reason why should business advertise their business on Facebook Average of 700 million users per day shows how active is Facebook is. Due to this reason, it will be a good start for business to use this as a platform to advertise so that customers will be aware of their firm and latest news or products. To relate to this point, firms can use as a marketing strategy at low cost. This will be very useful for small and medium firms with limited budget. Based on this reason, it is clear enough why firms should use Faceboo k as a tool conduct the business. On the other hand, Twitter have more or less similar value proposition as Facebook. There are about 650 million users currently. Twitter strongest advantage or its value proposition is the real time conversation and feedback and this is an area where there are slight difference compare to Facebook. The databases of tweets consists of comments, observations and opinion of the audienc leads to search engine that mines these tweets for patterns and therefore, these are real-time and spontaneous obversations that business. Business environment is very competitive in the modern world, it need to interact customers in a very fast pace and understand the needs of customers and their feedback. Statistically, 92% of all activity with Tweets happens within the first hour of the post being made. Compare it to Facebook status updates, the interaction will continue to go on for hours or days. For instance, Snickers posted a similar status on Twitter and Faceb ook : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Hey @luis16suarez, Next time you are hungry just grab a Snickersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  As a result, it got 39,000 retweets and 17,000 favourites but it only have 5,000 likes, shares and comments on Facebook. Therefore, Twitter will be a better choice if business that prefer instant feedback from customers. In addition, firms can also use Twitter with low cost like Facebook. Furthermore, revenue model is also part of key component of a business model that needs to take into consideration. The way Facebook generate its revenue is by firms advertise their business in Facebook. Some of the examples of big spenders are Nike, Electronic arts and McDonald. Facebook rely on user engagement to ensure viability of site for external investors. Whenever users click on the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s advertisement page, it will cost them range from 5 cents to 5 dollars to Facebook for every click. In addition, Facebook revenue do not only come from advertising, it also due to large part to its virtual games. For example, for the first quarter of 2012, 186 million US dollar revenue generated from non-advertising, such as selling credits for game like Farmville. As for Twitter, revenue also comes from advertising. 85% of Twitterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s revenue comes from advertising of its sites. Promoted Tweets is part of Twitterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s advertising. Twitter charge its advertisers based on the amount of interaction their content generates, there is usually a budget set at the start of campaign and advertisers pays per click or by per tweet. It also has a bidding system where advertisers able to compete with each other to have their content appear in a particular space. Promoted Trends is another way Twitter generates its revenue. It is a section where Twitter home page that allow users to know the popular news and whatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hot. An organisation able to place Promoted Trend banner at the top of Trend Section and when users click on it, it will lead the users to the follower page for the movie or product. Promoted Trend is reportedly to be Twitterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s best source of revenue. Unlike Facebook, it does not have feature where it can generate revenue through virtual games due to its simplicity. Competitive environment will be another important element of a business model. It refers to what other companies or competitors in the same marketplace that sells similar products. SNS is very competitive industry, each of these SNS are competing for market share. Both Facebook and Twitter have many competitors. Many SNS see it as a business opportunity to attract firms to use their site as a platform. Facebook and Twitter itself is a biggest competitor to each other but there are some other big competitors such as LinkedIn, Pinterest, Google plus and etc. In addition, Facebook and Twitter have unique competitive advantage is the reason they are in firm position compare to competitors but they have different fe ature or platform that make them unique. First and foremost, Facebook platform is key to Facebook current success. What make them special is it made it possible for third party developers to create application that work together with Facebook. And this is where it gain massive amount of attention. Currently, there are thousands of applications built on Facebook platform, it is so much that Facebook has to launched its own App Store to organize all of it. Twitter competitive advantage is more or less the same as its value proposition. What makes Twitter special is its real time sharing and spontaneous observations. Although SNS such as Facebook and Twitter generate most of their revenues from business that advertise on its platform, it still faces issues that result in reduction of profit. There are certain factors which are out of its control such as government control. For instance, Facebook and Twitter are blocked in China. China has the biggest population in the world and it i s massive of advertising revenue opportunity. It is not only a missed opportunity but it also creates advantage to its competitors. As RenRen is new leading site in China, it could pose threat to top SNS such as Facebook and Twitter because if RenRen expand and move out of China. Besides that, bad publicity could also be another factors could have a negative effect on SNS. Government surveillance, child molesters and stalkers are some of the examples. Bad publicity affects its reputation, as a result, it will be hard to retain users and this relates to associated revenue. Since many firms are using social media for marketing and advertising purpose, the future of social media is an important factor to consider too. Facebook and Twitter might be the leading SNS that business use for advertising currently, but whether both of these can sustain as the top in the future is an area that have to take into consideration. Because there are e-commerce firms are heavily relying on technolo gy or Facebook in order to conduct their business, it will also directly affect firms that rely on Facebook if Facebook cannot sustain its popularity. Based on the recent development, social media in the future might be open source or even community-run. One of the good examples for it is Diaspora, this site function as a small, open-source, community social network that is almost similar to Facebook in terms of appearance and operation. It is growing well since it was introduced. No SNS have overtake Facebook or Twitter, but unstable landscape of internet in this modern era, there is a possibility it will not remain true in the future. As a conclusion, we understand that technology evolve very fast, it create more and more business opportunities and it is important that businesses take technology into consideration in this competitive business environment. As SNS is seen as a very useful platform for business to use, it is important for it to cope with competitive business envir onment. As a result, business model and business strategy of Facebook and Twitter were analyse in detail to get a good understanding of it. Examine the similarities and differences between Facebook and Twitterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business model and business strategy is an important aspect because it shows how their platform provides benefits to the business in a different way. Reference The Brief History of Social Media. 2014.The Brief History of Social Media. [ONLINE].Available.at:https://www2.uncp.edu/home/acurtis/NewMedia/SocialMedia/SocialMediaHistory.html. [Accessed 02 August 2014]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The History of Social Media | Digital Trends. 2014.The History of Social Media | Digital Trends. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.digitaltrends.com/features/the-history-of-social-networking/#!bpWb7N. [Accessed 02 August 2014]. Social Networking Definition | Investopedia. 2014.Social Networking Definition | Investopedia. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/social-networking.asp. [Accessed 02 August 2014]. 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[ONLINE] Available at:https://www.visualscope.com/twitfb.html. [Accessed 02 August 2014]. BBC News How does Twitter make money?. 2014.BBC News How does Twitter make money?. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24397472. [Accessed 02 August 2014]. Twitter Wins Real-Time Marketing Smackdown; Agency Strategist Declares Facebook Organic Reach 100% Dead. 2014.Twitter Wins Real-Time Marketing Smackdown; Agency Strategist Declares Facebook Organic Reach 100% Dead. [ONLINE] Available at:https://marketingland.com/twitter-takes-bite-facebook-organic-reach-smackdown-89016. [Accessed 02 August 2014]. 1